Eyetracking Research

Findings from Nielsen Norman Group's usability studies using eye tracking technology.

Book

"Eyetracking Web Usability", New Riders Press
December 14, 2009
ISBN-10: 0-321-49836-4
ISBN-13: 978-0-321-49836-6

Buy the book:
- from Amazon.com, Barnes & Noble, or Borders
or for U.K./Europe:
- from Amazon.co.uk, Waterstone's, or WHSmith

Book excerpt: the first 32 pages of Chapter 6 (free download — warning: 26 MB PDF file).

Read online through Safari Books.

Articles

Reports

Background

Eye tracking heatmap of a corporate information page
Example of an eyetracking "heatmap" that shows how much users looked at different parts of a Web page. Areas where users looked the most are colored red; the yellow areas indicate fewer fixations, followed by the least-viewed blue areas. Gray areas didn't attract any fixations.

The above example is from a website's "About Us" pages. The heatmap clearly shows users' tendency to read in an "F" pattern, and their focus on information that's presented in bulleted lists. In this case, there's also a small amount of attention to the "see also" area, but no viewing of the promotions in the rightmost column. (See our separate research project for detailed guidelines for the design of "About Us" areas of corporate websites.)

Eye tracking heatmap of a shopping cart
Example of eyetracking from an e-commerce checkout process. In this shopping cart, users didn't look much at the cross-selling offers, which is a common finding. (See our separate research project for detailed guidelines for the design of e-commerce sites.)

Our full-day seminar on Fundamental Guidelines for Web Usability includes many detailed results from our eyetracking studies (and from many other studies), often shown as slow-motion gaze replay videos. The seminar is available for in-house presentation at your company ($9,000+travel). If interested, contact

Photo of an eye-tracker device.

The eyetracking equipment we use for our research. Looks like a normal computer, doesn't it? Of course, that's exactly the point, because we want users to work normally. The cameras and infrared emitters are hidden behind small dark windows at the top and bottom of the monitor. We use a separate small webcam to capture the user's facial expressions (sitting on the left loudspeaker), but even that is fairly unobtrusive, and test participants quickly tune it out.

Book Table of Contents

  1. Preface
  2. Eyetracking and the Eye
    • How Modern Eyetracking Works
    • Foveal Vision vs. Peripheral Vision
    • The Mind–Eye Hypothesis
    • Are Looks Good or Bad?
    • Visualizing Eyetracking Results
    • Tasks Determine Looks
    • Other Uses of Eyetracking
  3. Our Eyetracking Research
    • Data Collected
    • Test Sessions
    • Why Many Eyetracking Studies Are Bogus
    • Cost of Eyetracking Research
    • Equipment
  4. Page Layout
    • How Do People Look at a Page?
    • Organization of Pages
  5. Navigation
    • Menus and Information Architecture
    • Navigational Elements
  6. Fundamental Web Design Elements
    • On the Homepage
    • Logos and Tag Lines
    • Shopping Carts
    • Forms, Fields, and Applications
  7. Images
    • What Does and Doesn't Draw Attention to an Image
    • Images as Obstacles
    • Attributes That Draw Attention
  8. Advertisements
    • It's a Jungle Out There
    • When People Look at Ads
    • How Different Types of Ads Fare with Users
    • The Impact of Ad Placement
    • Text (Sponsored Link) Ads
    • Do Graphics Belong in Web Advertising?
    • Internal Promotions: Match the Site's Style
    • External Ads: What Works
  9. User Viewing Behaviors on the Web
    • Exhaustive Review vs. Necessary or Desired Review
    • Momentum Behavior
    • Logging
    • Selective Disregard
    • Post-click Behavior
    • Perpetual Viewing
    • Eyetracking Reveals Another Level of User Behaviors
  10. Appendix
    • How Much People Look at Basic Web Interface Elements
  11. Glossary
  12. Index
  Eyetracking Web Usability: book cover for the English edition

Press Coverage

TIME Magazine
Why We Look at Some Web Ads and Not Others

USA Today
'Sneak Peek' Into Net Surfers' Brains

Poynter Institute
What Makes Web Images Attractive

MediaPost
Wise Words About Branding From The Usability Sage

ClickZ
Internet Users Plagued by 'Banner Blindness'

ZDNet
Eye Tracking Web Usability


Copyright © by Jakob Nielsen. ISSN 1548-5552